Indian Wildlife Club Forum

Veterinary Painkiller Second Vulture-Safe Identified! Tolfenamic Acid

9th September 2021

In 2003, the veterinary use of diclofenac to treat cattle was discovered to be the cause of catastrophic vulture declines across South Asia. There was an urgent need to identify alternative, safe NSAIDs for veterinary use. The NSAID meloxicam was tested in 2006 and found to be both safe to vultures and effective in treating cattle. Unfortunately, various other NSAIDs have also been tested since then and so far all have been shown to be toxic to vultures. Therefore, it is hugely significant that a systematic safety testing study led by the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) with the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) has identified tolfenamic acid as the second confirmed vulture-safe NSAID after meloxicam.

A total of 38 wild-caught Himalayan Griffon Vultures, along with single captive White-rumped and Long-billed Vultures from the conservation breeding population, were given doses of tolfenamic acid by oral gavage at the maximum possible level likely to be encountered by birds feeding on carcasses in the wild. This was calculated based on concentrations of diclofenac found in cattle carcasses in India, which showed that vets and livestock owners routinely give doses of this drug much higher than the recommended level. In addition, four Himalayan Griffons were also fed buffalo meat from animals given double the recommended dose of tolfenamic acid just prior to death. Although two of the Himalayan Griffons given the extremely high dose by gavage died, all other birds survived without an increase in uric acid levels in the blood, which is the usual sign of kidney failure caused by NSAID poisoning. These findings show that tolfenamic acid is safe to wild vultures at levels of the drug that they are likely to be exposed to.

IVRI and BNHS giving a vulture an oral dose. Chris Bowden, RSPB.

Dr Chandra Mohan, Scientist of IVRI and the lead investigator of the study said “Every painkiller available has slightly different properties, and the vets often complained of not having a second choice of NSAIDs. But we are very pleased to report that tolfenamic acid been found as a second safe NSAID drug.”

Dr Vibhu Prakash, Principal scientist and vulture programme Director of BNHS explained “by testing first on the less threatened Himalayan Griffon Vultures, we could establish the comparative safety of the drug. We then also tested it on the most threatened species held at the breeding centre at Pinjore, Haryana.”

The results of this study are reported in an IVRI report, while a pre-print publication, entitled “Experimental safety testing shows that the NSAID tolfenamic acid is not toxic to Gyps vultures in India at concentrations likely to be encountered in cattle carcasses” is freely available.

Dr A M Pawde, Incharge & Dr M. Karikalan, Scientist Centre for Wildlife, IVRI said “IVRI is particularly pleased to help identify this safe alternative for veterinarians, and it is important that this information is made available quickly, to avoid use of other more toxic alternatives (for the vultures) becoming popular in veterinary use.”  They added “Tolfenamic acid does have certain properties which make it slightly more similar to diclofenac in its ability to reduce fever as well as inflammation, and this may be important in being taken up more widely by vets across the country.”

Dr. Triveni Dutt, the Director of ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute commented “this is good news for vulture conservation and can help decision-makers to take important steps towards banning the NSAIDs which are proven to be toxic, such as aceclofenac and ketoprofen.”

Tolfenamic acid is already licensed and produced by a number of different Indian manufacturers, being out of patent, and similarly priced to other drugs.

Professor Rhys Green of Cambridge University UK, and Chair of the SAVE consortium said “After sixteen years and considerable effort in safety testing NSAIDs on vultures we have found a second vulture-safe NSAID for use on cattle. This is important and welcome news. It will reduce the pressure to use toxic alternatives such as aceclofenac, ketoprofen, flunixin and nimesulide, which are still available and legally used in the region. Veterinary use of all of these toxic drugs should be banned immediately.”

He added “So this is highly significant, and good news for vulture conservation, but only if it helps decision-makers to take more urgently needed action to remove licenses for similar drugs that are proven to be toxic, such as aceclofenac and ketoprofen. Neighbouring Bangladesh has earlier this year taken this important and commendable step to extend local ketoprofen bans to national bans, and if India can do this for aceclofenac and ketoprofen, this will be real progress.”

Please contact chris.bowden@rspb.org.uk for further information or contacts.

Original article from the website

https://save-vultures.org/2021/09/second-vulture-safe-veterinary-painkiller-identified-tolfenamic-acid/

Bird watching in the pandemic- birding is the best diversion for a work from home couple. And which better place than Ranikhet in Uttarakhand

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If there is a heaven for bird watchers, it is Sattal. In one hour of morning birding we saw a variety of birds. The adventure area has so far not interfered with the natural forest around. Hope it remains like that. https://youtu.be/rnG809pejWg

Rohtang Pass is nature's greatest spectacle, located 50km north of Manali in the Eastern Pir Panjal. It connects two beautiful Himachal Pradesh valleys - Manali & Lahaul & Spiti. Rohtang, which means "ground of corpses," was given to this pass due to the many people who died trying to cross it. However, many travelers still visit it every six months, when it is open and accessible to the public.

Bikers and adventurers brave slippery roads and dangerous curves to reach Rohtang Pass, Manali. This effort pays off as you are greeted with snow capped mountains and the opportunity to breathe in the fresh mountain air while enjoying the challenge of a difficult journey.

These are the most beautiful places you can visit when you travel to Rohtang Pass Manali. Continue reading to know more:

1. Solang Valley – The Adventure Hub

A popular destination for skiing in India, Solang valley is near Manali, hence Rohtang Pass. It is ideal for snow skiing or sliding in snowy conditions in winter. Parachuting, paragliding and zorbing are all popular summer activities.

2. Picturesque Rahala waterfalls

A popular but rarely photographed waterfall, Rahala is 16 km from Manali towards Rohtang Pass. Its breathtaking descent from 2500m above sea level is the highlight of this waterfall. The beauty of nature is a delight for shutterbugs. The drive from Rohtang to here is difficult due to the narrow roads and slippery curves. Therefore, it is recommended to hire a bus or cab.

3. Chandra And Bhaga Rivers - A Breathtaking Confluence

The Shivalik Ranges of the lesser Himalayas glaciers melt, and they flow down, holding their course until they become Chandra or Bhaga rivers. After their confluence, they flow across the Spiti Valley and are called Chenab. It is a spectacular view because of its perfect confluence. It is located to the southeast of the Rohtang Pass, and it is worth a visit for anyone who travels up into the lower Himalayan region.

4. Lahaul and Spiti Valley - Nature Lovers Favorite

Lahaul & Spiti Valley is reached by 2.5 hours of driving along NH 505. The drive covers 145km. The Himalayan mountain desert, located in northeastern Himachal, is the land that connects India and Tibet. The valley is home to monasteries, nature's adventures, and nomads.

5. Khoksar village: Find Your Cozy Home Here.

Khoksar, a charming village in Lahaul's Lahaul district located 19km from Rohtang, is Rohtang. It is also the coldest area in the region. However, it is home to some of the most beautiful dhabas in the area and is highly recommended. You can travel during summer when the snow may have melted, and Rohtang's beauty will be awe-inspiring!

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Are you planning to enjoy an exciting vacation trip? Then what’s better than going to an exotic wildlife sanctuary in Rajasthan that makes an unforgettable journey and holiday trip with near and dear ones. With plenty of wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan that has made it an oasis for innumerable species of rare birds and mammals. Right from green forests in Mount Abu to the stunning dry grasslands of the desert, wetlands of Bharatpur to lush deciduous forests of Aravalli hills, and the varied topography of Rajasthan Tour Package attracts many migratory birds.

Treat your eyes by witnessing the birds and experience the natural retreat of the wildlife sanctuary. If you are planning a wildlife getaway in 2021, then these are the top 7 wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan Wildlife Tour for spending some time in its wilderness.

Darrah Wildlife Sanctuary, Kota –

Wildlife lovers in Rajasthan can have a lot of exciting experiences and Darrah Wildlife Sanctuary gives the best experiences of excursion in nature. This wildlife sanctuary was declared as a protected reserve in the year 1955. Formerly the land was a hunting ground for the Maharajas of Kota. The sanctuary is a home of tigers, rhinos, deers, tigers, leopards, antelope, and more.

Best time to visit – October to March

Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary, Karauli –

The Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary is one of the most popular wildlife sanctuaries in Rajasthan as an excursion to the Ranthambore Tour Package. When Ranthambore was declared as a national park in 1980, the adjacent vast grasslands were converted into a sanctuary. It serves as an example among environmentalists for forest protection resolution.  

Best time to visit – September to March

Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary, Chittorgarh –

The Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary is stretched over the western border of the Vindhyachal Mountains which is spread to a total area of 15290 hectares. The Picturesque grasslands and vivid landscape of the sanctuary are a real delight for nature lovers. Spot a wide variety of wildlife species like Panthers, Jackals, Hyenas, Cheetah, Antelopes, Mongoose, and Wild Boars.

Best time to visit – October to February

Jaisamand Sanctuary, Udaipur –

The stunning and pleasant city of hills, valleys, and lakes welcomes you to one of the best wildlife places to explore in the Udaipur Tour Package. The sanctuary is located on the banks of Dhebar or Jaisamand Lake – the second largest artificial lake in Asia. The shores are covered with teak forests while the fauna is widespread like crocodiles, langurs, chital, turtle, and more.  

Best time to visit – July to August

Desert National Sanctuary, Jaisalmer –

Located close to Jaisalmer, this is another famous sanctuary of Rajasthan. Desert National Sanctuary sprawls to an area of 3162 sq kilometers or area forming the largest national parks in India. The diverse desert ecosystem is also unique and filled with birdlife. Great Indian Bustard, Kestrels, Sand grouse, Laggard Falcons, are the most common birds to see in Jaisalmer Tour Package.

Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh –

The Kumbhalgarh wildlife sanctuary is one of the best places to visit in Kumbhalgarh. It is located in the district of Rajsamand and covers an area of about 578 sq km while surrounding the borders of Kumbhalgarh Fort. The animals you will see here in the sanctuary include hares, four-horned antelopes, sambhar, nilgai, jungle cats, sloth bears, etc.

Best time to visit – October to March

Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary, Mount Abu –

Located in Aravalli Hills, Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary is situated at an elevation of 300 meters to 1722 meters. This sanctuary is home to many exotic flora and fauna species. Its diverse land comprises a variety of trees, shrubs, climbers, and tuberous plants. You will find a huge variety of animals like tigers, lions, leopards, and more other fauna species on a safari tour in Mount Abu Sightseeing Tour.

Rajasthan is best known as the land of majestic forts, royal palaces, ancient temples, and many historic attractions. It remains to buzz with tourists all around the year to see its enriched beauty and these wildlife sanctuaries enthrall everyone with their rich wilderness. So, while planning a vacation in Rajasthan, make sure you take some time to enjoy a safari in any of these wildlife sanctuaries in the Rajasthan Trip Package to plan a wildlife getaway in 2021.

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DEHRADUN TO SANKRI

It is a spectacular 210km drive that takes you through the most beautiful forests of Dehradun. Sankri village is located at an elevation of approximately 2,000m. The trek takes you through the Govind Pshu Vihar National park and is possible in any season. The trek takes you through lush grasslands in summer. In winter, it gives you stunning views of snow-covered forests and high Himalayan peaks. There are many trekking routes to Kedarkantha. You can leave the trek from Sankri or Kotgaon, or Gaichawan Gaon.

By road: This 10-hour drive takes you through dense forests, which become engulfed by snow in winter.

SANKRI TO JUDA LAKE

Juda Lake (also known as Juda ka Talab) is a high-altitude lake between Sankri and Kedarkantha. This pristine lake is surrounded densely by forests, making it an ideal camping spot for trekkers on this route. Legend has it that Lord Shiva untwisted the locks to create the tiny lake. The road climbs steeply after crossing Sankri village. Along the route, you might see locals doing their daily chores. Winter is when the lake freezes and the surrounding area is covered in snow. Beautiful photos can be taken by stopping at streams that run through green fields during summer.

JUDA LAKE TO KEDARKANTHA BASE CAMP

You will leave Juda ka Talab the following day to trek to the Kedarkantha Base Camp, approximately 4 km away. It will take approximately 3 hours to get to your destination if you walk at a moderate pace. It passes through pine and oak forests along steep ridges. In summer, the route will be dotted with shepherds' huts, but it becomes a magical white land in winter.

KEDARKANTHA BASE CAMP TO KEDARKANTHA PEAK AND BACK TO THE HARGAON CLAMP

Start the next day at a 6 km pace from the Kedarkantha base camp to reach the Kedarkantha peak at 3,800m.

This section is not easy, but once you reach the summit, it will be worth it. The 360-degree view of the surrounding peaks (Kala Nag, Bandarpoonch and Swargarohini) is amazing.After a rest, you can take photographs and then descend to the Hargaon camp (Horegaon), at 2,700m. You will reach this camp by evening. Here you will be staying.

HARGAON TO SANKRI VIA JUDA LAKE

The 6-km trek takes approximately four hours. Through dense pine forests, you will quickly descend approximately 800m. Winter will bring you through deep and soft snow. You can easily slide or run down the snow because of its steepness. Local hotels are available for overnight stays.

SANKRI TO DEHRADUN

Spend the final day on your trek exploring Sankri village and the beautiful forests of Uttarakhand. Before you head for Dehradun (around 200 km), make memories.

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Mehrangarh Museum has a completely unique importance as a repository of the creative and cultural records of the huge regions of Central Rajasthan and Marwar-Jodhpur. The museum boasts exemplary examples of seventeenth, 18th and 19th century collections for the fields of Miniature Paintings, Arms and Armours, Textiles, Decorative Arts and Furniture.

The Museum includes seven Period Rooms i.E Sheesh Mahal, Phool Mahal, Takhat Vilas, Sardar Vilas, Jhanki Mahal, Dipak Mahal, Moti Mahal and six Galleries namely, Howdah Gallery, Palanquin Gallery, Daulat Khana, Painting Gallery, Textile Gallery and Arms Gallery.

To visit Mehrangarh, hire a taxi service in Jodhpur and go to explore the Mehrangarh Fort.

The Museum has additionally participated in many global exhibitions all over the global, showing and sharing the rich background of Marwar, and interacting with prestigious establishments in the subject.