National Parks in Uttarakhand
Conservation and Biodiversity in Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand, nestled in the Himalayas, is renowned for its vibrant cultural heritage and stunning natural scenery. The state is also a veritable
biodiversity hotspot, supporting countless species – including many that are threatened or endangered. Nearly half of Uttarakhand’s land (around 45.44%) remains under forest cover, underscoring its importance as a conservation landscape. Over
the decades, the government has taken concerted efforts to protect this rich wilderness by setting aside vast tracts as wildlife sanctuaries and national parks. This network of protected areas not only preserves ecosystems but also provides sustainable
ecotourism opportunities.
National parks of Uttarakhand are open to visitors during specific seasons, and carefully managed tourism helps generate awareness and funds for conservation. Nature lovers, hikers, botanists, and wildlife enthusiasts are drawn to these
parks for their diverse terrain and wildlife. From riverine forests and subtropical valleys up to snow-capped peaks and alpine meadows, Uttarakhand’s six national parks offer a range of adventures. Within this guide, we explore each of these
six magnificent parks – Jim Corbett, Govind Pashu Vihar, Valley of Flowers, Gangotri, Nanda Devi, and Rajaji – highlighting their unique features, how to reach them, and the experiences they offer.
Jim Corbett National Park
Geography and History
Jim Corbett National Park, established in 1936 as Hailey National Park, is one of the oldest and most celebrated protected areas in India and Asia. Covering
about 520 square kilometers in the Nainital, Pauri Garhwal, and Almora districts, Corbett sits in the Shivalik foothills of the Himalayas. The park was renamed in 1957 in honor of the legendary conservationist Jim Corbett, who played a key
role in protecting tigers and their habitat. It also became India’s first Project Tiger reserve in 1973. Corbett encompasses a mosaic of forests, grasslands, riverine belts, and mountain streams. Eight safari zones, including Bijrani, Dhikala, Jhirna, and
Sonanadi, are spread across its terrain, each with its own gate and ecosystem. The elevation in Corbett ranges from about 220 to 1,850 meters, allowing both subtropical and temperate habitats. The lush forests are dominated by tall
Sal (Shorea robusta) trees, accompanied by shorea, khair (Acacia catechu), and a variety of broadleaf species.
Flora and Fauna
Jim Corbett is famed for its rich wildlife. It is home to the magnificent
Royal Bengal Tiger, Indian elephant, Indian leopard, sloth bear, and Himalayan black bear. Visitors can also spot herds of herbivores such as sambar deer, spotted deer (chital), barking deer, wild boar, and hog deer. Primates like rhesus macaques and Hanuman
langurs are commonly seen, and the elusive hog deer is another resident species. In terms of flora, the park’s forests include sal and teak in the southern areas, with scrub and grasslands on ridges and along river valleys. Corbett’s river systems (Kosi, Sonanadi,
Ramganga) sustain a rich riparian ecosystem where Indian leopards, otters, and kingfishers thrive. Birdlife is abundant as well – one might hear the call of the crested serpent eagle, spot the great hornbill in the treetops, or see colorful birds like kingfishers,
paradise flycatchers, and bulbuls.
Activities and Access
Corbett offers a range of wildlife and adventure activities. Jungle safaris are the most popular: visitors can explore the park in an open jeep or on an elephant’s back during authorized safari hours. The Dhikala zone, in particular, is famous for sunrise
and sunset safaris that often encounter herds of deer, elephants, and sometimes tigers. Corbett also has designated
tiger monitoring research zones and nature trails for guided walks. For adventure seekers, there are trekking opportunities in the nearby higher Himalaya (such as a trek to Mukteshwar or river rafting on the Ramganga and Kosi Rivers). Corbett
hosts the ancient Girija Devi Temple in its interior, providing panoramic views of the park. Accommodation ranges from forest rest houses to jungle lodges, allowing overnight stays.
How to Reach: Jim Corbett is easily accessible. The park’s main entrance is near Ramnagar city, which has good rail and road connections. Ramnagar Railway Station lies only about 15 km from the park; regular trains run from Delhi, Bareilly,
and Moradabad to Ramnagar. By road, Corbett is reachable by National Highway from Nainital, Delhi, and other nearby cities. The nearest airport is Pantnagar (about 65 km away), which has flights from Delhi and nearby capitals. Visitors generally arrive by
road or rail and book safaris in advance through the park’s park office or approved tour operators.
Govind Pashu Vihar National Park
Location and Establishment
Govind Pashu Vihar National Park, often simply called Govind National Park, lies high in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarkashi district. Encompassing about
472 square kilometers, it was established in 1983 and named after Govind Ballabh Pant, a noted freedom fighter and leader. The park covers the entire Supin Range in the Tons Forest Division, with elevations reaching up to around 3,800 meters.
It is bordered by Himachal Pradesh to the north and separated from other areas by mountain watersheds. Two major tributaries – the Rupin and Supin Rivers – flow through the park, eventually joining to form the Tons River, which is a major tributary of the
Yamuna. This geography makes Govind Pashu Vihar crucial as the upper catchment for the Tons. The terrain ranges from lush pine and oak forests in lower reaches, to alpine meadows and glacial streams at higher altitudes. In total, Govind Pashu Vihar is a rugged,
high-altitude park offering varied habitats.
Ecology and Wildlife
Govind National Park was created under the banner of Project Snow Leopard, highlighting its role as a habitat for this rare cat. The park’s wildlife is notable for
endangered species. Besides snow leopards, one can find Himalayan brown bears and musk deer in the subalpine and alpine zones. Asiatic black bears and barking deer roam the oak-dominated middle slopes. Primates like the Hanuman langur also
exist here. Other mammals include Himalayan tahrs (mountain goats), blue sheep (bharal), goral, serow (a goat-antelope), and wild boar. Birdlife is equally rich: pheasants such as the western tragopan, Himalayan monal, koklass pheasant, and cheer pheasant
inhabit the coniferous and rhododendron forests. Rare birds like the Himalayan snowcock and various species of eagles (e.g. the bearded vulture) can also be spotted.
The flora of Govind NP reflects its altitude ranges. Lower forests feature chir pine and rhododendron, while higher elevations have Himalayan spruce, deodar, birch, and fir. Oak and walnut trees are common, and colorful rhododendron shrubs
bloom in spring. Medicinal herbs and alpine flowers carpet the meadows near the glaciers. Villages such as Sankri, Taluka, and Osla lie within the park’s cultural landscape; local communities here are known for their simple mountain way of life. These villages
also serve as trailheads for treks.
Trekking and Adventure
Govind Pashu Vihar is famed for its trekking routes. It serves as the starting point for some of Uttarakhand’s most popular trails, making it a hikers’ paradise. The
Har Ki Dun trek begins from Sankri village and leads into the mystical Har Ki Dun valley, known for ancient ruins and sacred temples. The famed
Kedarkantha trek (Kedarkantha is a peak of about 3,800 m) starts at Auli or Sankri and is known for its panoramic summit. Other notable treks include the
Kuari Pass trek and the challenging Borasu Pass trek connecting Govindghat to Himachal Pradesh. Adventurers also tackle high passes like
Swargarohini and Swargarohini Pass, or explore lakes such as Ruinsara and Kedarkanta (Kedar Tal). In winter, skiing is possible on some slopes.
How to Reach: The nearest town to Govind National Park is Uttarkashi (around 115 km by road), but the last motorable village is Dharali (Mori). From Dharali, buses or taxis are available up to Sankri (about 12 km downhill). Sankri serves
as the main base for treks in Govind Park. The trek to Har Ki Dun starts from Taluka village, a few kilometers beyond Sankri. Uttarkashi is connected by road to Dehradun, Rishikesh, and other cities. Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun (about 225 km from Sankri)
is the closest air hub. From Uttarkashi or Srinagar (Garhwal), visitors travel by road to the park area and then trek into the higher regions.
Valley of Flowers National Park
Geography and Scenery
Valley of Flowers National Park is arguably the crown jewel of Uttarakhand’s high-altitude parks. Established in 1982 and covering just
87.5 square kilometers, it is perched in the Chamoli district at altitudes between 2,600 and 6,500 meters. This small park is part of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and, like Nanda Devi NP, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (designated in 1988).
The park protects the head of the Pushpawati River valley (the “Bhyundar” valley) and the surrounding Himalayan slopes. Its terrain is dramatically steep and remote: glaciated peaks, raging streams, terraced meadows, and roaring waterfalls. One of the nearby
high lakes is Hemkund, which lies to the south but is managed as part of the park’s ecosystem. The climate and geology create a unique environment: monsoon-fed meadows transform into a mosaic of blooms in summer, while in winter the valley is buried under
snow.
Flora and Fauna
True to its name, the Valley of Flowers bursts into color each summer. More than
500 plant species have been recorded here, many of them flowering. The park has distinct vegetative zones: a lower sub-alpine belt with rhododendron and birch forests, a middle alpine zone of herbs and grasses, and higher alpine meadows. In
June through September, the valley’s high meadows are carpeted with varieties of alpine flowers – primulas (primroses), poppies, daisies, gentians, asters, lilies, and the rare Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata). Himalayan blue poppy and lotus lilies dot the
springs. Over 200 varieties of medicinal herbs grow here, reflecting the area’s botanical wealth.
Wildlife in the Valley of Flowers NP includes animals adapted to alpine life. One can encounter Himalayan black bears and brown bears foraging in subalpine forests. The shy
snow leopard and Himalayan musk deer sometimes range here, though sightings are rare. Mountain ungulates like bharal (blue sheep), Himalayan tahr, Himalayan goral, and serow inhabit the rocky slopes. Smaller mammals include
langur, red fox, marten, and the rare Himalayan weasel. The birdlife is spectacular; species like the Himalayan monal (Impeyan pheasant), snow partridge, lammergeier (bearded vulture), golden eagle, Himalayan griffon vulture, and various thrushes are common.
Colorful species such as white-tailed rubythroat and the pipit can also be found flitting among rhododendron thickets.
Activities and Trekking to Valley of Flowers
The
Valley of Flowers Trek is primarily accessed by foot. The journey begins at Govindghat (1,828 m), a village reachable by road from Joshimath (Chamoli). From Govindghat to the village of Ghangaria (3,050 m) is a moderate trek of about 14 km. Ghangaria is
the base camp for valley treks and also for the Hemkund Sahib trail. It is from Ghangaria that one continues another 3-4 km to enter the heart of the Valley of Flowers. This trail leads gently along the Pushpawati River through forests into the open, blossoming
valley. Permits are required to enter (usually obtained at Govindghat) and are valid for up to 3 days. The park gate is open roughly from mid-June to late October, depending on snowmelt.
During the trek, visitors are rewarded with countless waterfalls, patches of wildflowers, and panoramic views of peaks like Nilgiri Parbat and Rataban surrounding the valley. The Hemkund Lake trek is also popular: from Ghangaria one can take another trail
(about 6 km round-trip) to the sacred glacial lake of Hemkund Sahib (4,329 m), a revered Sikh temple site. Other trails from the valley area lead to Tipra Bamak Glacier and various high-altitude passes such as Kankul Pass. Since tourism is restricted to minimize
impact, there are no motor vehicles in the valley beyond Govindghat. Only trekking and camping (in designated areas) are allowed. Visitors should prepare for cool weather and carry necessities; ranger stations and small shops at Ghangaria provide basic amenities.
The Valley of Flowers is renowned as one of India’s most beautiful high-altitude meadows, and experiencing its full bloom is often described as a once-in-a-lifetime natural spectacle.
Gangotri National Park
Geography and Significance
Gangotri National Park is one of Uttarakhand’s largest reserves, encompassing approximately
2,390 square kilometers in the high
Garhwal Himalayas (Uttarkashi district). Declared a national park in 1989, it stretches from high alpine meadows above Gangotri town to the slopes of some of India’s tallest peaks. The park lies in the upper catchment of the Bhagirathi River (the main tributary
of the Ganges), and it contains both the sacred Gangotri temple and the Gaumukh Glacier – the origin of the Bhagirathi river (considered the source of the Ganges River). Gangotri NP borders Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary to the south and Govind Pashu Vihar to
the east, and it even touches the border with Himachal Pradesh to the north and the international border with Tibet (China) on another side. Thus its location is both ecologically and strategically important.
The altitude in Gangotri NP ranges from about 2,500 meters up to over 7,000 meters (Mt. Shivling at 6,543 m and peaks like Bhagirathi I, II, III). This vast altitude gradient means the park includes dense conifer forests at lower elevations, transitioning
to alpine meadows and eventually permanent snow and ice. Its terrain includes glacier-carved valleys, moraines, rugged peaks, and crystal-clear mountain lakes. The scenic vistas are famous: for example, from alpine ridges one can see the snow-clad Bhagirathi
sisters (peaks Bhagirathi II and III) and the sharp dome of Shivling peak. Gangotri town (3,048 m) sits on the park’s southern edge and serves as a base for pilgrims and trekkers alike.
Flora and Fauna
The biodiversity of Gangotri NP is rich and adapted to the harsh Himalayan environment. The lower hills are covered with forests of
blue pine, deodar (Himalayan cedar), ban oak, kharsu oak, and rhododendron. As one ascends, these give way to alpine fir, spruce, maple, birch, and juniper. Rhododendron shrubs produce bright blooms in spring, and alpine meadows burst into
color with gentians, lilies, and other flowers. Unique Himalayan species such as Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata) and various orchids (e.g. the endangered Dactylorhiza hatagirea) occur at high altitudes.
Gangotri NP is perhaps best known as a stronghold of the snow leopard, which inhabits its highest reaches. Himalayan brown bears and black bears are found in the park’s middle elevations. Among other large mammals are musk deer (especially
near sacred Gangotri), Himalayan tahr, serow, and blue sheep (bharal) grazing on rocky slopes. The forests shelter Himalayan langurs and rhesus macaques. The birdlife includes several high-altitude specialists: the Himalayan monal (the colorful national bird),
Himalayan snowcock, lammergeier (bearded vulture), golden eagle, and a variety of pheasants such as the koklass. Smaller birds like the Himalayan rubythroat, white-bellied redstart, and various finches, warblers, and partridges also inhabit these mountains.
Trekking and Access
Gangotri National Park offers many legendary treks that draw adventure-seekers. The classic
Gaumukh-Tapovan trek begins at Gangotri and leads up to the snout of the Gangotri Glacier (Gaumukh) and the Tapovan meadows, with breathtaking views of Shivling peak. Other popular routes include the
Kedartal trek to the sacred Shiva lake beneath Shivling, the spiritual
Har Ki Dun via Gaumukh route (which actually continues past Gaumukh), and the challenging
Kalindi Khal and Audens Col treks connecting Gangotri to Badrinath. Shorter hikes include reaching Dodital Lake or the Gartang Gali cliffside trail. Each trail offers spectacular alpine scenery – glacial streams, lush meadows
dotted with wildflowers, and close-up views of towering Himalayan summits.
How to Reach: Gangotri NP’s main access point is the town of Gangotri, which is connected by road to the rest of Uttarakhand. From Dehradun (the state capital) the distance is about 206 km via Rishikesh and Uttarkashi, and from Haridwar
about 189 km. Both Dehradun and Haridwar have good rail links to major cities; Dehradun also has an airport (Jolly Grant). From either city, one can hire a taxi or take a bus to Gangotri. Roads are mostly motorable up to Gangotri town; beyond that, entry into
the park requires trekking. The route passes through scenic locales like Harsil and Uttarkashi. Because Gangotri is a pilgrimage site, the park is open to visitors (with permits) from May to October, after the winter snows have cleared. Entry fees apply per
person. Note that high-altitude treks require preparation and possibly a mountain guide.
Nanda Devi National Park
Geography and Sanctuary
Nanda Devi National Park, located in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, centers around the majestic Nanda Devi peak (7,817 meters), India’s second-highest mountain. Established in 1982, it covers roughly
624 square kilometers in the high Garhwal Himalaya. This park forms the core of the larger Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (since 1988), recognized for its unique alpine ecosystems. The park is essentially the
steep-sided glacial basin drained by the Rishi Ganga and Dhauliganga rivers. Notable peaks encircling the basin include Dunagiri, Trishul, and Nanda Devi East. The region is split into an
inner sanctuary (core zone) and an outer sanctuary (buffer zone). The inner sanctuary, surrounding the Nanda Devi peak, is extremely remote and was once off-limits to all entry to protect the fragile environment; today, very
strict controlled treks (Nanda Devi Sanctuary trek) are allowed under supervision. The outer sanctuary includes areas downriver such as the Trishul Glacier and valleys leading to the Ramani glacier. Altitudes in Nanda Devi NP range from about 1,900 meters
in the foothills up to 7,782 meters (slightly above Nanda Devi’s summit).
Wildlife and Ecology
Nanda Devi’s wild landscape is pristine. Conifer and broadleaf forests blanket the lower slopes, giving way to rhododendron and birch at mid-elevations, and finally alpine meadows and rocky barrens higher up. Some plant highlights include deodar cedar, Himalayan
cypress, fir, Himalayan birch, and the aromatic Himalayan juniper. Rare flowering plants like Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata) bloom in summer. The region’s wildlife is equally special:
snow leopard and Himalayan brown bear roam the upper altitudes, although they are very seldom seen. Musk deer thrive in the park’s higher forests, as do serow (a goat-antelope) and bharal (blue sheep) on the cliffs. Other mammals include common
leopard at lower elevations, Himalayan weasel, yellow-throated marten, and Himalayan langur. Bird enthusiasts can look for the Himalayan monal and snowcock in alpine zones, and the griffon vulture and lammergeier soaring high above. Also present are elusive
species such as the golden eagle, Himalayan lammergeier, lammergeier, and elegant mountain finches.
Because of its status as a sanctuary of international significance, Nanda Devi NP receives fewer visitors compared to other parks – one must obtain special permits and follow strict rules. This low human presence has allowed many species to flourish undisturbed.
The Rishi Ganga gorge is home to a unique type of flora found nowhere else, due to its isolation.
Trekking and Access
The most famous trek in this region is the Nanda Devi Sanctuary trek. It starts from Lata village (16 km past Joshimath) and proceeds through the alpine meadows of Milam and Bheem Tal, ending at the base camp near Nanda Devi (4,200 m) after
crossing high passes like Pindari. This multi-day trek provides intimate views of Nanda Devi and other peaks. Other challenging expeditions in the area include the walk to the
Kuari Pass (Kansar) for spectacular views of the Nanda Devi massif. The Ali Bedni Bugyal Trek also approaches Nanda Devi from the east side.
How to Reach: Joshimath (also known as Jyotirmath) is the nearest town and a key base for treks into Nanda Devi NP. Roads from Rishikesh, Haridwar, or Dehradun all lead to Joshimath via Rudraprayag. From Joshimath, one drives or treks to
Lata (about 26 km). The nearest railhead is at Rishikesh/Haridwar, and the nearest airport is Jolly Grant (Dehradun). Visitors usually stay in Joshimath or Lata village before beginning the trek. Because of its remote nature and protected status, only organized
trekking groups with permits are allowed inside the sanctuary.
Rajaji National Park
Formation and Landscape
Rajaji National Park sprawls across the lower Shivalik foothills in three Uttarakhand districts (Haridwar, Dehradun, and Pauri Garhwal). Covering about
820 square kilometers, it was designated a national park in 1983 by merging the earlier Rajaji, Motichur, and Chilla sanctuaries. Named after C. Rajagopalachari (a former Governor-General of India and eminent freedom fighter known as “Rajaji”),
this park represents the transition zone between the plains and the Himalayas. The elevation ranges from roughly 250 meters up to 1,900 meters. The park’s terrain includes dry sal forests, grasslands, river valleys, and some deciduous patches. Major rivers
– notably the Ganges and its tributaries – flow through Rajaji. In fact, the Chilla part of the park lies on the eastern bank of the Ganges, and here the Ganga canyon and Chilla barrage are famous landmarks. Rajaji’s location near the plains makes its climate
warmer and more humid compared to Uttarakhand’s higher parks.
Wildlife and Habitats
Rajaji is well-known for its large herds of Asian elephants and a healthy population of tigers, making it an important habitat corridor (often called the “Elephant-Tiger Reserve”) linking Nepal and India. The dense forests of sal, shisham
(Dalbergia), rhododendron, bamboo, and acacia provide ideal cover for wild animals. Tigers in Rajaji often retreat into the interior of Motichur and Chilla forests. Other prominent mammals include leopard, sambar deer, spotted deer (chital), barking deer,
wild boar, langur and rhesus monkeys, sloth bear, common palm civet, and Indian jackal. The park also protects lesser-known carnivores like jungle cats, small Indian civets, and porcupines. Notably, Royal Bengal tiger and elephant are the flagship species
under conservation.
The bird life is diverse, as Rajaji harbors over 300 species of birds. One can find several raptors such as Pallas’s fish eagle, black stork, and crested serpent eagle. Woodpeckers, barbets, and parakeets are seen in abundance. Among other birds are the
yellow-billed blue magpie, gray hornbill, Indian pitta, and various thrushes and partridges. The Chilla riverine zone is a great place to spot waterbirds and even otters along the riverbanks.
Activities and Access
Visiting Rajaji offers both wildlife experiences and adventure. Safari tours (mostly jeep safaris) are a popular way to explore the forest zones. The Chilla zone, near Rishikesh, and the Motichur zone, near Haridwar, are the two main areas
open for tourists. Elephant safaris are also offered in some parts, providing a unique vantage. Bird watching is excellent in early mornings. There are river rafting options on the Ganges near Chilla which combine thrills with scenic views of Rajaji’s hills.
Nature walks along jungle trails, camping in designated sites, and cycling on forest roads (in the buffer zones) are additional activities. The park has several rest houses and nature camps managed by the forest department for visitors wishing to stay inside
or at the periphery.
How to Reach: Rajaji NP is very accessible, given its proximity to major cities. The park’s administration is split between Haridwar and Dehradun units. One can enter via Chilla (near Shivalik Nagar on the Delhi-Haridwar railway), via Motichur
(close to Narendra Nagar), or via other entry points near Rishikesh and Rajaji Temple area. Haridwar and Dehradun are well-connected by rail and road; Dehradun has an airport with flights to Delhi and Mumbai. From Delhi, the highway route passes through Meerut,
Muzaffarnagar, Roorkee, and Haridwar, leading to park entrances. Regular buses and trains make it easy to reach the city gates of Rajaji. Once there, short drives or safaris take visitors into the wildlife zones. Timings for safaris are seasonal (early morning
and late afternoon), and there are permit fees for entrance.
Final Thoughts on Uttarakhand’s National Parks
The six national parks of Uttarakhand together present an astonishing range of Himalayan environments and wildlife. From the subtropical forests of
Rajaji and Jim Corbett (home to tigers and elephants) to the lofty alpine realms of
Gangotri and Nanda Devi (with snow leopards and musk deer), each park has its own character.
Govind Pashu Vihar serves as a gateway to high-altitude treks and is famed for snow leopards and scenic valleys. The
Valley of Flowers enchants visitors with its vibrant floral displays, while
Nanda Devi NP protects some of India’s most remote and revered peaks. Together, these protected areas not only conserve the rich biodiversity and unique ecosystems of the Himalayas but also offer unforgettable experiences: jungle safaris, spiritual
pilgrimages, exhilarating treks, birdwatching, river rafting, and more. Visitors are encouraged to plan carefully – checking seasons (summer months for higher parks, cooler months for Corbett and Rajaji), obtaining necessary permits, and respecting local regulations.
By supporting eco-friendly tourism, travelers help sustain the conservation of these natural wonders. Exploring Uttarakhand’s national parks is a journey into the heart of wild India, revealing both nature’s splendor and the enduring efforts to preserve it.